Grammar included: “Received Pronunciation”
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SECTION ONE
Expressions: INVENTING
Here are 5 expressions related to INVENTIONS along with their meanings and sample sentences:
1. “To reinvent the wheel” – This expression is used to describe doing a lot of unnecessary and redundant work when an existing solution is already available.
Example: There’s no need to reinvent the wheel; we can use the existing software to handle our data instead of creating a new one from scratch.
2. “The mother of invention” – Referring to necessity as the driving force behind new inventions.
Example: Portable water filters were created because people needed clean water in areas without access to safe water sources—truly, necessity is the mother of invention.
3. “On the drawing board” – This idiom means that an idea or project is still in the planning stages and has not yet been executed.
Example: We have some groundbreaking concepts for renewable energy solutions, but they’re still on the drawing board.
4. “Think outside the box” – Encourages unconventional thinking or approaching problems in new, innovative ways.
Example: To come up with a truly revolutionary product, our team needs to think outside the box.
5. “A eureka moment” – The moment of sudden insight or discovery.
Example: After months of experimentation, the chemist had a eureka moment that led to a breakthrough in synthetic fibers.
Remember that during the lesson we are continuing our RP practice to be able to improve our pronunciation and diction.
SECTION TWO:
READING (Concentrate on your pronunciation of the ‘ed’ sounds. You will find the ‘ed’ lesson at the end of this English lesson.
INTRODUCTION:
In the realm of discovery, the United Kingdom has produced some of the finest minds whose inventions have irrevocably altered human history. As we delve into the lives and accomplishments of five British inventors, we will also explore their pivotal inventions.
NEW VOCABULARY: Realm, irrevocably, altered, accomplishments, pivotal.
INVENTION ONE:
**Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee – The World Wide Web** WWW.
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee has been instrumental in shaping the contemporary world. Born on June 8, 1955, in London, his invention, the World Wide Web, has connected people in ways previously unimagined. Berners-Lee’s vision for a global hyperlinked information system became a reality when he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet in late 1990. Currently, billions of users have accessed the web, which has grown exponentially since its inception. The web’s influence on culture, commerce, and communication will forever be a testament to Sir Timothy’s transformative vision.
NEW VOCABULARY: Instrumental, shaping, unimagined, hyperlinked, implemented, exponentially, inception, commerce, testiment, transformative, vision.
INVENTION TWO:
**Alexander Fleming – Penicillin**
Penicillin’s discovery in 1928 by Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming has been hailed as one of the most important medical advances of the 20th century. Working at St Mary’s Hospital in London, Fleming noticed that a mold called Penicillium notatum had destroyed bacteria in a petri dish. This chance observation led to the development of penicillin antibiotics, which have saved countless lives from serious infections. Fleming’s breakthrough was further developed by other scientists who perfected the process to produce penicillin on a large scale. Today, antibiotics derived from penicillin are still widely used to treat bacterial infections.
NEW VOCABULARY: bacteriologist, hailed, mold, petri dish, led to, countless, breakthrough, perfected, large scale, derived from, widely used, treat.
SECTION THREE
VIDEO LISTENING SECTION ONE: Watch this AI video below and then answer the three questions below.
QUESTIONS:
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- Who invented the chocolate bar ans when?
- Who invented the telephone and explain how it works.
- Where was the inventor of the television born.#
- BONUS QUESTION: There was a mistake in the video. What was it?
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SECTION FOUR
INVENTION THREE:
**Michael Faraday – Electric Motor**
Michael Faraday’s work with electricity was groundbreaking. Born in 1791 in London, Faraday had not been formally educated in science but through sheer determination and natural brilliance he became one of the most influential scientists in history. His invention of the electric motor in the early 1820s revolutionised how energy could be used and has been fundamental to all modern industry. Faraday’s experiments with electromagnetic rotation led him to develop principles of electromagnetism – pivotal advances that would form bedrock principles of current electrical engineering.
NEW VOCABULARY: groundbreaking, sheer, determination, brilliance, revolutionised, fundamental, electromagnetic, rotation, principles, bedrock.
INVENTION FOUR:
**Frank Whittle – Jet Engine**
Frank Whittle’s determination was evident from an early age, having joined the Royal Air Force as an apprentice at fifteen. By 1930, he had conceived and filed a patent for the turbojet engine – an invention that would ultimately change aviation forever. His prototype jet engine had run successfully by April 1937; however, it wasn’t until 1941 that his engines were implemented in RAF aircrafts. The jet engine allowed aircraft to fly higher and faster than ever before and this technology has continued to develop into what powers modern-day air travel.
NEW VOCABULARY: evident, Royal Air Force RAF, apprentice, conceived, filed a patent, turbojet, engine, aviation, prototype, aircrafts, modern-day.
SECTION FIVE
VIDEO LISTENING SECTION TWO: Read the captions on this video and then fornulate three questions to ask your teacher.
SECTION SIX
INVENTION FIVE:
**Richard Trevithick – High-Pressure Steam Engine**
Richard Trevithick paved the way for locomotive transportation with his high-pressure steam engine. Born on April 13, 1771, in Cornwall, England, Trevithick was an engineer of exceptional ability who saw beyond JamesWatt’s low-pressure steam engine design and introduced one that operated at higher pressures. This innovation translated directly into more power without increasing engine size – making it perfect for locomotion. It was on February 21, 1804 that Trevithick successfully demonstrated his full-scale steam locomotive which hauled a train along rails – marking a major milestone in railway engineering that has evolved over centuries but still powers railway locomotion around the globe today.
NEW VOCABULARY: locomotive, high-pressure, steam engine, exceptional, ability, low-pressure, innovation, full-scale, hauled, major, milestones, railway, evolved.
CONCLUSION:
These British inventors have left indelible marks on society with their ingenuity and foresight; their legacies continue to influence our daily lives long after they passed away into history
NEW VOCABULARY: indelible, inginuity, foresight, influence, passed away.
SECTION SEVEN
Advanced grammar)
Defining and non-defining relative clauses are types of clauses that describe nouns in more detail.
A defining relative clause (also known as a restrictive relative clause) provides essential information about the noun it modifies. It is necessary to understand exactly which person or thing we are talking about. Without this clause, the sentence’s meaning would be incomplete or significantly altered. In written English, it does not have commas.
For example:
– The book that I bought yesterday is fascinating.
Here, “that I bought yesterday” is a defining relative clause pointing out which book is being described.
A non-defining relative clause (also known as a non-restrictive or parenthetical clause) provides extra information that can be left out without changing the meaning of the sentence. It is not essential to identify the noun being described, and in written English, it’s typically set off by commas.
For example:
– My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting me next week.
Here, “who lives in New York” is a non-defining relative clause giving additional information about “my brother.” Whether he lives in New York or not doesn’t change the fact that he’s visiting next week – it’s just extra information.
When you write sentences, consider whether the information provided by a relative clause is vital to the point you’re making. Use defining clauses without commas when it is and use non-defining clauses with commas when the info adds something supplementary. Remember that non-defining clauses cannot be used with pronouns “that” or “whose,” and they are more common in written English than spoken English.
SECTION EIGHT
How to pronounce the ‘ed’ sounds in regular verbs.
‘ED’ practice text
In this text remember that we are practicing our RP but at the same time we are going to practice how to pronounce the ‘ed’ in regular verbs. Here is an explanation.
In English, the pronunciation of the past tense suffix “-ed” varies and is determined by the final sound of the root verb:
1. /t/ Sound: We use this sound when the root verb ends in voiceless consonants (except for /t/), such as /p/, /k/, /s/, /ʃ/ (sh), /ʧ/ (ch), and /f/. For example:
– “walk” becomes “walked” and is pronounced as /wa: kt/
– “laugh” becomes “laughed” and is pronounced as /laugh: ft/
2. /d/ Sound: We use this sound with root verbs ending in voiced sounds, which include all vowel sounds and voiced consonants (except for /d/), such as /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, etc. For example:
– “call” becomes “called” and is pronounced as /ca lld/
– “rob” becomes “robbed” and is pronounced as /rob bd/
3. /ɪd/ or just /d/ Sound: We use this sound distinctly when the root verb ends in either a /t/ or a /d/. This additional syllable makes it easier to pronounce. For example:
– “want” becomes “wanted” and is pronounced as /ˈwant: id/
– “need” becomes “needed” and is pronounced as /ˈneed: id/
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