INSTRUCTIONS to teachers and students:
ENGLISH: These English lessons are designed to be used either by students to help themselves improve their English or by teachers to use when delivering lessons to their students. Every lesson has six sections. Common idioms and expressions, a gap fill exercise, a reading text with new vocabulary, a grammar section, a speaking section and a writing section. These six sections help students and teachers cover the main elements of the English language.
Grammar included: ‘Received Pronunciation’ and ‘The Correct Pronunciation of “ED” in a regular verb.
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Remember that during the lesson we are continuing our RP practice to be able to improve our pronunciation and diction.
READING (Concentrate on your pronunciation of the ‘ed’ sounds. You will find the ‘ed’ lesson at the end of this English lesson.
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SECTION ONE (READING)
1).
The Gold Route, or “Caminho do Ouro,” is an enduring testament to the ambitions and engineering prowess of the Portuguese during Brazil’s colonial era. This historic road, stretching from the mineral-rich region of Minas Gerais to the coastal town of Paraty, was carved through the treacherous terrain of Brazil’s interior by the Portuguese in the 18th century. The construction of this route was no small feat; it took several decades to complete, involving the relentless labour of enslaved Africans and indigenous people. The Portuguese, driven by the immense wealth of gold discovered in Minas Gerais, were determined to establish a reliable path to transport this precious metal to the ports for shipment to Europe.
Now discuss any new vocabulary:
2).
The construction of the Gold Route began in earnest in the early 1700s and was completed around the mid-18th century. The Portuguese engineers faced numerous challenges, including dense forests, mountainous landscapes, and the need to construct bridges and clear paths through previously uncharted territories. The labour force, consisting predominantly of enslaved individuals, endured harsh conditions, working tirelessly to pave the way for what would become a crucial artery for the colonial economy. The road’s completion was a monumental achievement, reflecting the sheer determination and resourcefulness of the builders.
VIDEO QUESTIONS:
QUESTIONS:
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- What does “lush” mean?
- Why were the streets designed to flood at high tide?
- Who lived in the little houses in Paraty?
- How long is the caminho do ouro?
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3).
The primary purpose of the Gold Route was to facilitate the transportation of gold from the mines of Minas Gerais to the port of Paraty, from where it could be shipped to Portugal. The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais in the late 17th century sparked a rush of prospectors and settlers to the region, leading to a booming mining industry. The Portuguese crown, eager to capitalize on this newfound wealth, needed an efficient means of transporting the gold to the coast. The Gold Route served this purpose, significantly enhancing the speed and security of the gold shipments compared to the previously used, less reliable trails.
VOCABULARY: Now discuss any new vocabulary. https://translate.google.co.uk/
4).
Throughout its use, the Gold Route saw an immense amount of gold transported along its rugged path. Estimates suggest that from the early 18th century until the decline of gold production in the region, thousands of tons of gold were extracted from the mines and carried to Paraty. The gold was typically transported by mule trains, guarded by armed escorts to protect against bandits and indigenous resistance. The journey was arduous and fraught with danger, but the promise of immense wealth drove the Portuguese to persist. Today, the Gold Route stands as a historical landmark, a reminder of the lengths to which humanity will go in the pursuit of riches, and the enduring impact of colonial endeavours on Brazil’s cultural and physical landscape.
VOCABULARY: Now discuss any new vocabulary. https://translate.google.co.uk/
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SECTION TWO (REVISION)
How to pronounce the ‘ed’ sounds in regular verbs.
‘ED’ practice text
In this text remember that we are practicing our RP but at the same time we are going to practice how to pronounce the ‘ed’ in regular verbs. Here is an explanation.
In English, the pronunciation of the past tense suffix “-ed” varies and is determined by the final sound of the root verb:
1. /t/ Sound: We use this sound when the root verb ends in voiceless consonants (except for /t/), such as /p/, /k/, /s/, /ʃ/ (sh), /ʧ / (ch), and /f/. For example:
– “walk” becomes “walked” and is pronounced as /wa: kt/
– “laugh” becomes “laughed” and is pronounced as /laugh: ft/
2. /d/ Sound: We use this sound with root verbs ending in voiced sounds, which include all vowel sounds and voiced consonants (except for /d/), such as /b/, /g/, /v/, / z/, etc. For example:
– “call” becomes “called” and is pronounced as /ca lld/
– “rob” becomes “robbed” and is pronounced as /rob bd/
3. /ɪd/ or just /d/ Sound: We use this sound distinctly when the root verb ends in either a /t/ or a /d/. This additional syllable makes it easier to pronounce. For example:
– “want” becomes “wanted” and is pronounced as /ˈwant: id/
– “need” becomes “needed” and is pronounced as /ˈneed: id/
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